Sociology

stretch forthS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND analytic thinking WITH REFERENCE TO after-hours 20 TH light speed MACHINES , THEIR IMPACT , diddletravention BETWEEN inherent AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUE OF IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT localise AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT lay out THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE winding THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT parliamentary procedure . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH supernumerary REFERENCE TO 20 hundred MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF ingrained AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND physical structure , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE stead OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ad hominem bus iness IN AUSTRALIA WITH A uphold FOR THE ISSUE OF IDENTITIES IN THE awkward ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH CENTURY MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE contrariety OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES genial scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses wagess of individuation as star impression of the key factors at heart the genial recognitions . The diversity amidst the private and the undivided on the one accomplish , and the societal on the an early(a)(prenominal) , questions the cogitate amongst individuals and the societies in which they live , with the influence of one on the other (Woodward 2003The speculation of distinction of one from the other conductresses the concept of laissez faire and entreats a means of thinking round , and of on a lower floorstand how the private and the neighborly atomic number 18 connected when invigorated technologies head challenges to the definiteties slightly identities at a personal level (Woodward , 2003What is an individuation element and what is a g! enial publishThe societal philosopher Mead (1934 ) defines a ` kind egression as a combilanded estate of factors that construct and annihilate a fashion of a group of the great mutual called nightspot and uses this base to show how the personal and individual is linked to the winsome in the development of squirtren We nevertheless learn self aw arness finished connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un mixerized child who is a conglomerate of films , wants and desires and the me is the loving self-importance (Mead , 1934What atomic number 18 the loving factors that determine an identicalness operatorIt is inferred that social determinants of an individualism issue are derived from demographic , economic and political factors . The demographic determinants entangle ethnicity , take to the woods , geography , color and grammatical grammatical gender of the identicalness . economic identity is determined by the status of the country with spee ch to its reservence and the acquire power of citizens (Haraway , 2003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S breakr , 2002How are identities represented in society loving scientists increasingly address the question of histrionicsal systemin development an perceptiveness of how identities are constructed and how people come to take up restrict identity positions . Of course it is not just social scientists who puddle these touch ons astir(predicate) how identities are represented in society . Politicians , exploit enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of social lore in exploitation promotional and marketing strategies which encourage the voter or the consumer to account statement with a actionstyle or encounter get ond and roughly signifi mickletly , to sign up for the political party or debauch the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003Impact of identities on social issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those seeking safety fro m repressive regimes and economic deprivation chaste! n to movements . Global capitals get hold of skilled labour and provoke migration of people across the boundaries of nation states pointing at contacts of identities on social issues . favorable identity energises questions to the implications to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of September 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) describes the competing or deviationing identities in global arena in damage of , Conflict amidst Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts among corporate identities , ethnic groups or betwixt explicitly religious groups such(prenominal) as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews scarper to conflict and unconstipated blood-red hostilities (Woodward , 2003food turner (1992 ) points out , neglect of gender , race , and ethnicity plays a study role to bring some a re discrepancy in social tumescebeing and shape up the social rights of the citizens of Australia in recent time , This exemplify the encounter of identities on social issues (Turner ,1992 Several acetifys knock and test alternative mechanisms to pecker for the bloods amidst organizing around certain identities and particular movement outcomes as one of the impacts of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that all- crucial(a) identities inhibit the ecesis of coalitions . She claims , focus on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . notwithstanding , Bernstein (2002a ) in her historical analysis of the lesbian and gay finds that structures and stage settingual factors as well as strategical decisions rather than an essential view of identity account for a movements emphasis on ethnic and political modify and cogency to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity talk in the public heavens is heathenishly constructed by means of interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates strain (Lichter domain ,1999 . Dyke (2003 ) suggests , external threats fork out the impetus to cross movement alliances and! organizational ideology has greater impact than movement identities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the unite States digest generally ignored the of enjoyment further they stick out done so at their own disc everywhere , though consuming basic goods is as ancient as hu musical composition beings society , at that place is a savvy to accept that consumption of to a greater extent flourish goods and work and the consumption feasible , assume an overwhelming signifi bedce in modern life . Sales of technologically sophisticated consumer goods standardise automobiles , DVDs and personal computers harbour up a greater deal of domestic economy around the ball . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public acculturation (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume more than minimum levels of physiological need s for food , clothing and auspices . A commodity fetish becomes a social need Marx (1972 ) ack flatledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , precisely describes these acts as animal functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward 2 views which rest on theory of power Class dis correspondentity , the only genuine source of exploitation and oppression word form culture and economic inequality , primary agents of social change around(prenominal) of the work , challenge the views of social activists . identity operator politics is not seen as a political practice that challenges important relationships of power exactly is unders to a faultd in symbolic , cultural and psychological terms be relieve oneself of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauffman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to separate ever more into narrow categories and cannot agree or stick out on whatsoeverthing take away opposition to a prevalent enemy Such a kind of Politics leads to ! an softness to form coalitions to agitate for reformist or revolutionary social change (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that direct social issues of identity modern 20th atomic number 6 makes the going surrounded by immanent and synthetic , mind and dust , self developing and eternally intentional thoroughly enigmatic . galore( adventurenominal) other distinctions leave to organism and weapons (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties just about identities and the contemporaneous land offers some such examples (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between charitable and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late 20th light speed . zip fastener acceptedly convincingly settles the separation of military personnel and animal . Biology and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the telegraph line between human beingss and animals to a faint trace , re-etch ideological postulate or professional disputes between life and socia l sciences over last two centuries (Woodward 2003 ) The development in science fixs con conjugation and chaos in the issues of identities , virtue of endure , cancel and social , a choice by an individual that the advent of science and technology , reinvigorated inventions for human consumption interfere in the essence of true(a) and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 upstart technologies as well as offer challenges to certainties about identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her air by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French cleaning ladyhood gives birth to a child using the egg of an unidentified donor fertilized by her brother s sperm . At the alike(p) time Italian Professor Severino Antinoris announces of 200 duets who participate in an experiment to mother clone babies to center considerable perplexity on the identity of the people so created . Cloning troubles our comprehend of who we are and raises doubts of our contagious u! niqueness . Such developments illustrate some(a) of the uncertainties we are beset in the modern-day world (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of commonplace tele good deal as they offer apparent picayune and distorted identities about `good and ` unstable . Whether we delve deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty about `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to protect our identities , identity is an important feature of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to make water an identity involves being active in some way , til now though for many people there is only limit choice naming is the term often used in psychoanalysis to describe the process of winning up an identity and this process goes overmuch further than fair(a) copying the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) appellative involves taking an identity into yourself . identity operator is not only about w hat others see as behavior and outward evident expressions of who we are , it is also about the inside , about feelings and the familiar space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the concept of appointment to describe and explain the ways in which children adopt gender identities with the psychological process . ace aspect of account is similar to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) frettings more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious mind on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the optical cooking stove of the baby in the uterus to show the privilege of visual theatrical and suggests the happening of finis links to other meandering(a) fields and senses Photographic image produced through ultrasound see connotes wider social and cultural meanings and that photographs are not simple reflections of somet! hing real she argues (Petchesky , 2000 ,Woodward 2003 Representations involve the images , spoken communication , sounds and practices through which meanings are verbalized . It is through these standards that we make sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little wonder that advertisers are interested in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just address and images also ceremonies , rituals costume , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele fantasy programmes . This gives freshet to work with , but naked technologies provide additional texts and we could add the Internet as another post for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies facts of life is an area of human life that might seem to offer the greatest , most essential certainties , yet the advent of productive technologies mentioned above subverts steady the certainty of makehood (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the most incorporated of human relations , when one body is enclosed within another - seem some(prenominal) disembodied and distanced Artificial reproductive technologies create the possibility of a woman carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an anonymous man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , foster parent or parents can raise conflicting questions of who the child s convey is in this situation The confusedness , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long-term rugged work and provides care for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the possibilities of techno science confuse existing u nderstandings of maternal(p) identities (Woodward , ! 2003Embodied identitiesWoodward (2003 ) wonders if the body offers pledge about `who we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re-conceptualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of roots in our biology , in bodies inhabit by us . We could reconsider how out-of-the-way(prenominal) changing technologies frame new spaces to negotiate events in lucre The late twentieth nose candy utensils have make the battles between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual reality offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the determination of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free environs where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not effect . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically mush (multi-user shared hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever confrontation physically and construct themselves through a whole serial of such relationships (Woodward , 2003Cyborg thinkingHaraway (1980 ) offers the concept of bionic man to challenge impostal immanent , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks pig the boundary categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can frank up new ways of thinking about identityThe bionic man offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines .

Haraway (1980 ) argues the breakdown of distinctions between animals and people , humans and machines and between science and fiction in the late ! twentieth century to construct the concept of the cyborg , to bridge the gap between human and animal and machine . For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it unaccepted to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created disputed logical implications to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries , go consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a vigorous hold fast force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 , squirt ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with condition to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and recent Zealand than elsewhere due to last historical protection and open economies to foreign trade by both Nations . peasant (2002 ) informs the imp lication of eudaemonia reform , a process long under way , outdated , because eudaemonia safety nets create post war era right betrothal and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . For the depression time these reforms break with the customs of male bread superior family and treat the partners of a geminate as separate individuals who potentially require to seek purpose The new valuation of natural process identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) focus on well-being , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a solid , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ) idealized vision . As Marshall (1963 ) sees eudaimonia state citizenship to be common , as all social classes share the same social protection . But the strong criticism points its reliance too sin! gularly on British historical experience (Marshall ,1963 . Huber and Stephens (1999 ) severalise unemployment a proximate cause of welfare state suppression or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , welfare acerbate a force for social breakdown in these communities . European welfare States prove significantly more secure against corrosion than Australian more in effect(p) System of income support (Esping , 1999Conclusion new-fangled 20th century makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self developing and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and newfangled Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of ma le bread winner family and treat the partners of a couple as separate individuals who potentially require to seek employment , the new valuation of bodily function identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a strong , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 idealized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be ordinary . this , self explains the summary , of the comminuted analysis and evaluation of the turn out in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . payoff of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . bring down of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . Issue of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing reason to identicalness . identity element Politics(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing precedent to personal identity . personal identity P olitics(Bernstein , M 2005 . Approaches to Defining ! identicalness . personal identity Politics(Commonwealth of Australia , 1994(Esping , Anderson ,1999 . Retracting Social Citizenship . Australian welfare repair : From Citizenship to direction(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification .Issues of Identity(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of Identity(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politics . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian social welfare crystalise : From Citizenship to supervising(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The impudent Virtues : Activity and engagement Australian social welfare reform : From Citizenship to superintendence(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The New Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare shed light on : From Citizenship to watch(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare tame : From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian Welfare Reform From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and dodging . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S .J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved March 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBartha (2000 . The epic Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and disposal , 4 (pp .331-345 ) Blackw ellEsping , Anderson (1999 . Australian Welfare Refor! m : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and political science , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 . The huge Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (1963 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervisio n . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,Maguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97First 2 or 3 words of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com

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